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Selected Publications

X-ray Analytics and Imaging


  1. A. Iberl, M. Schuster, H. Grübel, A. Meyer, B. Baur, R. Matz, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, A. Freund, B. Lengeler, and H. Heinecke, "Micro-focus double-crystal x-ray diffractometry on III-V heterostructures grown by selective-area epitaxy", J. Appl. Phys., D 28, A200-A205 (1995)

  2. U. Klemradt, M. Funke, M. Fromm, B. Lengeler, J. Peisl, A. Förster, "Growth-induced interface roughness of GaAs/AlAs layers studied by X-ray scattering under grazing angles", Physica B 221, 27 (1996)

  3. A. Snigirev, V. Kohn, I. Snigireva, and B. Lengeler, "A compound refractive lens for focusing high-energy X-rays", Nature, 384, 49-51 (1996)
    (Download article as PDF or GZipped Postscript)

  4. B. Lengeler, "Linsensysteme für Röntgenstrahlung", Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 25-30 (April 1997)

  5. A. Snigirev, V. Kohn, I. Snigireva, A. Souvorov, and B. Lengeler, "Focusing high-energy x-rays by compound refractive lenses", Appl. Opt., 37(4), 653-662 (1998)

  6. A. Snigirev, B. Filseth, P. Elleaume, Th. Klocke, V. Kohn, B. Lengeler, I. Snigireva, A. Souvorov, J. Tümmler, "Refractive lenses for high energy X-ray focusing", SPIE, 3151, 164-170 (1998)
    (Download article as PDF or GZipped Postscript)

  7. B. Lengeler, J. Tümmler, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, C. Raven, "Transmission and gain of singly and doubly focusing refractive x-ray lenses ", J. Appl. Phys., 84, 5855-5861 (1998)
    (View abstract or download article as PDF or GZipped Postscript)

  8. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, M. Richwin, J. Tümmler, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "A microscope for hard x-rays based on parabolic compound refractive lenses," Appl. Phys. Lett., 74 (26), 3924-3926 (1999)
    (View abstract or download article as PDF or GZipped Postscript)

  9. B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, J. Tümmler, B. Benner, M. Richwin, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, M. Drakopoulos, "A Microscope for Hard X-rays Based on Refractive Optics," Synchrotron Radiation News, 12 (5), 45 (1999)
    (Download article as PDF (4.8MB))

  10. A. Simionovici, M. Chukalina, M. Drakopoulos, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, Ch. Schroer, B. Lengeler, K. Janssen, F. Adams, "X-ray fluorescence microtomography: experiment and reconstruction," in Developments in X-Ray Tomography II, Ulrich Bonse, Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3772, 304-310 (1999)

  11. B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, J. Tümmler, B. Benner, M. Richwin, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, M. Drakopoulos, "Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range," Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 6 (6), 1153-1167 (1999)
    (Download article as PDF (650kB))

  12. O. Castelnau, T. Chauveau, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, C. Schroer, T. Ungar, "Single Grain Analysis of Dislocation Density in Cold Rolled IF-Ti Steel with a New High-Resolution Microdiffraction Technique," Materials Science Forum, 347-349, 297-302 (2000)

  13. O. Castelnau, T. Ungar, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, C. Schroer, T. Chauveau, B. Bacroix, "Single Grain Analysis of Strain Hardening and Internal Stresses in Cold Rolled IF-Ti Steel with a new High-Resolution Microdiffraction Technique," Key Engineering Materials, 177-180, 147-152 (2000)

  14. M. Drakopoulos, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, O. Castelnau, T. Chauveau, B. Bacroix, C. Schroer, T. Ungar, "A X-ray Microscope for Stored Energy in Single Grains of Cold-Rolled Steel", in X-Ray Microscopy: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Warwick, D. Attwood, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 507, 263-268 (2000)

  15. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, B. Benner, F. Günzler, J. Tümmler, M. Drakopoulos, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "A Microscope for for Hard X-Rays Based on Parabolic Compound Refractive Lenses", in X-Ray Microscopy: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Warwick, D. Attwood, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 507, 340-345 (2000)
    (Download article as PDF (346kB) or GZipped Postscript (2.06MB))

  16. T. Weitkamp, M. Drakopoulos, W. Leitenberger, C. Raven, C. Schroer, A. Simionovici, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, "High-resolution X-ray imaging and tomography at the ESRF beamline ID22", in X-Ray Microscopy: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Warwick, D. Attwood, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 507, 424-429 (2000)

  17. A. Simionovici, M. Chukalina, M. Drakopoulos, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, Ch. Schroer, B. Lengeler, K. Janssens, F. Adams, "2D imaging by X-ray fluorescence microtomography", in X-Ray Microscopy: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Warwick, D. Attwood, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 507, 539-544 (2000)
    (Download article as PDF (184kB) or GZipped Postscript (334kB))

  18. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, B. Benner, J. Tümmler, F. Günzler, M. Drakopoulos, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Compound Refractive Lenses for X-Ray Microanalysis", in X-Ray Microscopy: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, W. Meyer-Ilse, T. Warwick, D. Attwood, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 507, 694-699 (2000)
    (Download article as PDF (888kB) or GZipped Postscript (1.49MB))

  19. C. G. Schroer, J. Tümmler, F. Günzler, B. Lengeler, W. H. Schröder, A. J. Kuhn, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Fluorescence Microtomography: External Mapping of Elements Inside Biological Samples", in Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications II, F. P. Doty, H. B. Barber, H. Roehrig, E. J. Morton, eds., Proceedings of SPIE 4142, 287-296 (2000)
    (Download article as PDF (1.0MB) or GZipped Postscript (1.15MB))

  20. A. Simionovici, M. Chukalina, C. Schroer, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, B. Lengeler, K. Janssens, F. Adams, "High-Resolution X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography of Homogeneous Samples", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 47 (6), 2736-2740 (2000)

  21. C. G. Schroer, J. Tümmler, B. Lengeler, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Compound Refractive Lenses: High Quality Imaging Optics for the XFEL", in X-Ray FEL Optics and Instrumentation, D. M. Mills, H. Schulte-Schrepping, J. R. Arthur, eds., Proceedings of SPIE 4143, 60-68 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (339kB) or GZipped Postscript (264kB))

  22. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, B. Benner, M. Kuhlmann, T. F. Günzler, J. Tümmler, C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Parabolic Compound Refractive Lenses for Hard X-Rays", in Advances in X-Ray Optics, A. Freund, T. Ishikawa, A. M. Khounsary, D. C. Mancini, A. G. Michette, S. Oestreich, eds., Proceedings of SPIE 4145, 274-284 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (3.1MB) or GZipped Postscript (3.65MB))

  23. G. Schmahl, D. Rudolph, B. Lengeler, C. Schroer, "Röntgenlinsen", Physikalische Blätter 57 (1), 43-48 (2001)
    (Please send e-mail to Christian Schroer to receive a reprint of the article)

  24. S. Bohic, A. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, R. Ortega, G. DevËs, D. Heymann, C. G. Schroer, "Synchrotron hard x-ray microprobe: Fluorescence imaging of single cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 (22), 3544-3546 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (107kB) or GZipped Postscript (117kB))

  25. S. Bohic, A. Simionovici, R. Ortega, D. Heymann, C. G. Schroer, A. Snigirev, "Synchrotron-induced X-ray microfluorescence on single cells," Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 181, 728-733 (2001)

  26. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, "Mikroskopischer Blick ins Innere der kondensierten Materie", in RWTH Themen: Physik der kondensierten Materie, 1/2001, 12-16 (RWTH Aachen, 2001)

  27. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, J. Tümmler, B. Benner, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Refractive X-Ray Optics", in Handbook of Optics, Vol. III, Classical Optics, Vision Optics, X-Ray Optics, Michael Bass, et al., eds., Chap. 20 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001)

  28. B. Lengeler, "Coherence in X-ray physics", Naturwissenschaften, 88, 249-260 (2001)

  29. T. Weitkamp, O. Chubar, M. Drakopoulos, A. Souvorov, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, F. Günzler, C. Schroer, B. Lengeler, "Refractive lenses as a beam diagnostics tool for high-energy synchrotron radiation", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 248-251 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (156kB))

  30. A. Simionovici, M. Chukalina, F. Günzler, Ch. Schroer, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, J. Tümmler, T. Weitkamp, "X-ray microtome by fluorescence tomography", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 889-892 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (576kB))

  31. C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, C. G. Schroer, J. Tümmler, B. Lengeler "Recent developments in hard X-ray tomography", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 929-931 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (94kB))

  32. Bruno Lengeler, Christian G. Schroer, Boris Benner, Til Florian Günzler, Marion Kuhlmann, Johannes Tümmler, Alexandre S. Simionovici, Michael Drakopoulos, Anatoly Snigirev, Irina Snigireva, "Parabolic refractive X-ray lenses: a breakthrough in X-ray optics", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 944-950 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (436kB))

  33. Christian G. Schroer, Til Florian Günzler, Boris Benner, Marion Kuhlmann, Johannes Tümmler, Bruno Lengeler, Christoph Rau, Timm Weitkamp, Anatoly Snigirev, Irina Snigireva, "Hard X-ray full field microscopy and magnifying microtomography using compound refractive lenses", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 966-969 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (168kB))

  34. O. Castelnau, M. Drakopoulos, C. Schroer, I. Snigireva, A. Snigirev, T. Ungar, "Dislocation density analysis in single grains of steel by X-ray scanning microdiffraction", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 467-468, 1245-1248 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (172kB))

  35. C. G. Schroer, "Reconstructing x-ray fluorescence microtomograms", Applied Physics Letters, 79 (12), 1912-1914 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (1.9MB))

  36. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, A. S. Simionovici, S. Bohic, M. Drakopoulos, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, W. Schröder, "Microbeam Production Using Compound Refractive Lenses: Beam Characterization and Applications", in X-Ray Micro- and Nano-Focusing: Applications and Techniques II, Ian McNulty, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4499, 52-63 (2001)
    (Download article as PDF (793kB))

  37. C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, C. Schroer, B. Benner, J. Tümmler, T. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, B. Lengeler, C. Krill, K. Doebrich, D. Michels, A. Michels, "Tomography with high resolution", in Developments in X-Ray Tomography III, Ulrich Bonse, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4503, 14-22 (2002)

  38. C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, B. Lengeler, C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Magnified Hard X-Ray Microtomography: Toward Tomography with Sub-Micron Resolution", in Developments in X-Ray Tomography III, Ulrich Bonse, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4503, 23-33 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (2.65MB))

  39. T. Weitkamp, C. Rau, A. A. Snigirev, B. Benner, T. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, C. G. Schroer, "In-line Phase Contrast In Synchrotron-Radiation Microradiography and Tomography", in Developments in X-Ray Tomography III, Ulrich Bonse, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4503, 92-102 (2002)

  40. A. Simionovici, M. Chukalina, B. Vekemans, L. Lemelle, Ph. Gillet, Ch. Schroer, B. Lengeler, W. Schröder, T. Jeffries, "New results in X-Ray computed fluorescence tomography", in Developments in X-Ray Tomography III, Ulrich Bonse, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4503, 222-229 (2002)

  41. C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, B. Lengeler, W. H. Schröder, A. J. Kuhn, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "High Resolution Element Mapping Inside Biological Samples using Fluorescence Microtomography", in Developments in X-Ray Tomography III, Ulrich Bonse, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4503, 230-239 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (963kB))

  42. C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, C. Zimprich, B. Lengeler, C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, J. Appenzeller, "High resolution imaging and lithography with hard x rays using parabolic compound refractive lenses", Review of Scientific Instruments 73 (3), 1640-1642 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (488kB))

  43. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, A. Gerhardus, T. F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, J. Meyer, C. Zimprich, "Parabolic refractive X-ray lenses", Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 9, 119-124 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (1MB))
    Copyright © International Union of Crystallography
    J. Synchrotron Rad. 9, 119---124

  44. C. G. Schroer, J. Meyer, M. Kuhlmann, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, B. Lengeler, C. Rau, T. Weitkamp, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Nanotomography based on hard x-ray microscopy with refractive lenses", Applied Physics Letters 81 (8), 1527-1529 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (288kB)) This article was selected by the editors of Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology: C. G. Schroer, et al., Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology 6 (8), art. 21 (2002)

  45. C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, B. Lengeler, T. F. Günzler, O. Kurapova, B. Benner, C. Rau, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Beryllium parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", in Design and Microfabrication of Novel X-Ray Optics, Derrick C. Mancini, ed., Proceedings of SPIE 4783, 10-18 (2002)
    (Download article as PDF (4MB))

  46. C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, U. T. Hunger, T. F. Günzler, O. Kurapova, S. Feste, F. Frehse, B. Lengeler, M. Drakopoulos, A. Somogyi, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, C. Schug, W. H. Schröder, "Nanofocusing parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", Applied Physics Letters 82 (9), 1485-1487 (2003)
    (Download article as PDF (127kB)) This article is Editor's Choice in Science 299 (5613), 1628 (2003)

  47. C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, T. F. Günzler, B. Lengeler, M. Richwin, B. Griesebock, D. Lützenkirchen-Hecht, R. Frahm, E. Ziegler, A. Mashayekhi, D. R. Haeffner, J.-D. Grunwaldt and A. Baiker, "Mapping the chemical states of an element inside a sample using tomographic x-ray absorption spectroscopy", Applied Physics Letters 82 (19), 3360-3362 (2003)
    (Download article as PDF (1.65MB))

  48. T. Weitkamp, C. Rau, A. Snigirev, B. Benner, M. Kuhlmann, C. Schroer, "Simulation of coherent image formation in a hard X-ray CRL microscope", J. Phys. IV France 104, 579-582 (2003)

  49. C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, U. T. Hunger, T. F. Günzler, O. Kurapova, S. Feste, B. Lengeler, M. Drakopoulos, A. Somogyi, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Nanofocusing parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", in Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H. A. Padmore, J. Stöhr, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 705, 740-743 (2004)

  50. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, B. Benner, T. F. Günzler, O. Kurapova, A. Somogyi, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Beryllium parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", in Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H. A. Padmore, J. Stöhr, eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 705, 748-751 (2004)

  51. B. C. Larson, B. Lengeler, guest eds., "High-Resolution Three-Dimensional X-Ray Microscopy", MRS Bulletin 29 (3), 152-181 (2004)

  52. C. G. Schroer, P. Cloetens, M. Rivers, A. Snigirev, A. Takeuchi, W. Yun, "High-Resolution 3D Imaging Microscopy Using Hard X-Rays", MRS Bulletin 29 (3), 157-165 (2004)

  53. A. S. Simionovici, C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, "Parabolic compound refractive x-ray lenses", in X-Ray Spectrometry: Recent Technological Advances, K. Tsuji, R. Van Grieken, eds., chap. 3.4, pp. 111-131 (John Wiley, New York, 2004)

  54. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, "Nanoanalytik mit harter Röntgenstrahlung", RWTH Themenheft, 2004 (1), 22–25 (2004).

  55. O. Kurapova, M. Kuhlmann, M. Gather, C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, U. T. Hunger, "Fabrication of parabolic nanofocusing x-ray lenses", in A. S. Snigirev, D. C. Mancini, eds., Design and Microfabrication of Novel X-Ray Optics II, vol. 5539 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 38–47 (2004).

  56. B. Lengeler, C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, B. Benner, T.F.Günzler, O. Kurapova, F. Zontone, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Beryllium parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", in A. S. Snigirev, D. C. Mancini, eds., Design and Microfabrication of Novel X-Ray Optics II, vol. 5539 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 1–9 (2004).

  57. C.G.Schroer, M.Kuhlmann, O.Kurapova, U.T.Hunger, T.F.Günzler, S. Feste, B. Lengeler, S. Ziegler, M. Drakopoulos, A. Somogyi, M. Burghammer, C. Riekel, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Nanofocusing parabolic refractive x-ray lenses", in A. S. Snigirev, D. C. Mancini, eds., Design and Microfabrication of Novel X-Ray Optics II, vol. 5539 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 10–19 (2004).

  58. C.G.Schroer, T.F.Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, O. Kurapova, S. Feste, M. Schweitzer, B. Lengeler, W. H. Schröder, M. Drakopoulos, A. Somogyi, A. S. Simionovici, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Fluorescence microtomography using nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses", in U. Bonse, ed., Developments in X-Ray Tomography IV, vol. 5535 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 162–168 (2004).

  59. C.G.Schroer, B.Benner, T.F.Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, J. Patommel, B. Lengeler, A. Somogyi, T. Weitkamp, C. Rau, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, "Nanotomography using parabolic refractive x-ray lenses" ,in U.Bonse, ed., "Developments in X-Ray Tomography IV", vol. 5535 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 701–708 (2004).

  60. C. G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, T. F. Günzler, B.Lengeler, M.Richwin, B.Griesebock, D. Lützenkirchen-Hecht, R. Frahm, E. Ziegler, A. Mashayekhi, D. R. Haeffner, J.-D. Grunwaldt, A. Baiker, "Tomographic x-ray absorption spectroscopy", in U. Bonse, ed., Developments in X-Ray Tomography IV, vol. 5535 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 715–723 (2004).

  61. C. G. Schroer, B. Benner, M. Kuhlmann, O. Kurapova, B. Lengeler, F. Zontone, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, H. Schulte-Schrepping, "Focusing hard x-ray FEL beams with parabolic refractive lenses", in S. G. Biedron, W. Eberhardt, T. Ishikawa, R. O. Tatchyn, eds., Fourth Generation X-Ray Sources and Optics II, vol. 5534 of Proceedings of the SPIE, pp. 116–124 (2004).

  62. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, "Focusing hard x rays to nanometer dimensions by adiabatically focusing lenses", Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology, 11 (7) (2005).

  63. C. G. Schroer, B. Lengeler, "Focusing hard x rays to nanometer dimensions by adiabatically focusing lenses", Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 054802 (2005).



Doctoral Thesis

  1. Johannes Tümmler, "Development of Compound Refractive Lenses for Hard X-Rays, A Novel Instrument in Hard X-Ray Analysis", doctoral thesis RWTH, (Shaker, Aachen, 2000) ISBN 3-8265-7547-4
    (Download thesis as PDF (2.7MB))

Abschlußinformationen